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The Battle of Olustee during the American Civil War 1864, Colleges and schools Defunct and relocated teams Segregation of Miami-Dade beaches finally ended in the early 1960s with another protest led by the late Rev Theodore Gibson Garth C Reeves the late Oscar Range[clarification needed] and others Crandon Park and Virginia Key Beach would no longer be used exclusively by one race or another but open for all to enjoy When beaches closer to historically Black residential neighborhoods desegregated Virginia Key Beach gradually declined both in use and upkeep By the 1980s picnicking families mingled with gay couples and nudists using Virginia Key Beach too in 1982 the County transferred the former colored-only park to the City of Miami with a deed restriction that it only be used as a park and that the City continued the level of services and maintenance the City closed the Park shortly thereafter citing high maintenance costs. American settlers began to establish cotton plantations in north Florida which required numerous laborers which they supplied by buying slaves in the domestic market by 1860 Florida had only 140,424 people of whom 44% were enslaved There were fewer than 1,000 free African Americans before the American Civil War, A 2007 survey by geographers Ary J Lamme and Raymond K Oldakowski found that the "Glades" has emerged as a distinct vernacular region of Florida it comprises the interior areas and southernmost Gulf Coast of South Florida largely corresponding to the Everglades itself It is one of the most sparsely populated areas of the state. Hurricane season officially runs from June 1 through November 30 although hurricanes can develop outside that period the most likely time for South Florida to be hit is during the peak of the Cape Verde season mid-August through the end of September Due to its location between two major bodies of water known for tropical activity South Florida is also statistically the most likely major area to be struck by a hurricane in the world trailed closely by Nassau Bahamas and Havana Cuba Many hurricanes have affected the metropolis including Betsy in 1965 Andrew in 1992 Irene in 1999 Hurricanes Katrina and Wilma in 2005 and Irma in 2017 in addition a tropical depression in October 2000 passed over the city causing record rainfall and flooding Locally the storm is credited as the No Name Storm of 2000 though the depression went on to become Tropical Storm Leslie upon entering the Atlantic Ocean, In 2007 Miami was identified as having the rudest drivers in the United States the second year in a row to have been cited in a poll commissioned by automobile club AutoVantage Miami is also consistently ranked as one of the most dangerous cities in the United States for pedestrians, 2000 5,007,564 23.5% Frost Art Museum. 2.5 College of Business, Hydrology Coral Castle Homestead Miami, Italy-America Chamber of Commerce 2.3 Rock. ; . . See also: Miami Drug War Dr Dorothy Bendross-Mindingall - District 2 Consulates A turning point came for development in the Everglades at the proposal in the late 1960s for an expanded airport after Miami International Airport outgrew its capacities the new jetport was planned to be larger than O'Hare Dulles JFK and LAX airports combined,[citation needed] and the chosen location was 6 miles (9.7 km) north of Everglades National Park the first sentence of the U.S Department of Interior study of the environmental impact of the jetport read "Development of the proposed jetport and its attendant facilities . will inexorably destroy the south Florida ecosystem and thus the Everglades National Park" When studies indicated the proposed jetport would create 4,000,000 US gallons (15,000,000 L) of raw sewage a day and 10,000 short tons (9,100 t) of jet engine pollutants a year the project met staunch opposition the New York Times called it a "blueprint for disaster" and Wisconsin senator Gaylord Nelson wrote to President Richard Nixon voicing his opposition: "It is a test of whether or not we are really committed in this country to protecting our environment." Governor Claude Kirk withdrew his support for the project and Marjory Stoneman Douglas was persuaded at 79 years old to go on tour to give hundreds of speeches against it Nixon instead established Big Cypress National Preserve announcing it in the Special Message to the Congress Outlining the 1972 Environmental Program.

The Everglades are a complex system of interdependent ecosystems Marjory Stoneman Douglas described the area as a "River of Grass" in 1947 though that metaphor represents only a portion of the system the area recognized as the Everglades prior to drainage was a web of marshes and prairies 4,000 square miles (10,000 km2) in size Borders between ecosystems are subtle or imperceptible These systems shift grow and shrink die or reappear within years or decades Geologic factors climate and the frequency of fire help to create maintain or replace the ecosystems in the Everglades. TUI fly Netherlands Amsterdam The geologic formations that have the most influence on the Everglades are the Miami Limestone and the Fort Thompson Formation the Miami Limestone has two facies the Miami Oolite facies which underlies the Atlantic Coastal Ridge from southern Palm Beach County to southern Miami-Dade County is made up of ooids: tiny formations of egg-shaped concentric shells and calcium carbonate formed around a single grain of sand or shell fragment the other facies which underlies the eastern lower Everglades (in Miami-Dade County and part of Monroe County) consists of fossilized bryozoan organisms the unique structure was some of the first material used in housing in early 20th-century South Florida the composition of this sedimentary formation affects the hydrology plant life and wildlife above it: the rock is especially porous and stores water during the dry season in the Everglades and its chemical composition determines the vegetation prevalent in the region the Miami Oolite facies also acts to impede flow of water from the Everglades to the ocean between Fort Lauderdale and Coot Bay (near Cape Sable). American Airlines Arena home of the Miami Heat of the NBA, In a tropical hardwood hammock trees are very dense and diverse San Juan Campus. .